Rho: Conductor resistivity relative to copper. abounding efficient models, improvements to microstrip antennas meet their competencies. Following is the list of useful converters and calculators. 57 mm thickness. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator; PCB Loop Antenna Calculator; Wokatenna Design; Yagi Uda Antenna Designer (NBS Tech. Most RF Coaxial Cables have an impedance of 50 ohms or 75 ohms. Moreover, particular attention was paid to keeping the design cost low. Decreasing τ will decrease both the boom length L and the number of elements N. S. 2 GHz. Patch antenna online calculator. A simple method was used to design a microstrip flat reflect-array antenna. This antenna resembles an inverted F, which explains the PIFA name. The patch cutout for the feed inset should be > 2 times the microstrip width. Library and Installation Install library PyQt5. 225mm above the ground plane and the optimized distance of second layer is 11. This can be achieved by regulating the inner and outer diameter of the coaxial cable, along with the. 9 mm and 126. Hi, Perhaps you can get the formula from the first website and compare it to the other formula and see if they are similar. The microstrip patch antenna is one of the most prominent antennas for THz band applications such future 5G communication systems and advanced wireless communication system. There are some advantages to using a microstrip transmission line over other alternatives. . Reset. The fringing field has an important effect on the accurate theoretical modeling and performance analysis of microstrip patch antennas. The calculator enables users to determine the operating frequency, substrate thickness, dielectric. Use our microstrip patch antenna calculator; Patch antennas can also be circular or elliptical for a given operating frequency. Accelerate innovation with Red Hat Enterprise Linux on Azure. To determine the width (W), the microstrip patch antenna calculator was used to provide an initial starting point. Microstrip is a single trace on the top layer, with no ground close to it on the same layer. These methods can be classified into two categories- contacting and non-contacting. Helical or Helix Antennas transmit a circular polarized wave. The microstrip patch antenna model used for the numerical simulation in Ansoft HFSS is shown in Fig. Problem Definition 2. Antenna PARAMETERS AJAL A J. 2 permittivity and 1. In this research, a microstrip patch antenna design operating at 10 GHz frequency was carried out. 98. Patch length, patch width are taken as optimization parameters. This paper presents a high-band microstrip antenna of dimension (5 × 5 × 1) mm 3 for 5G wireless mobile communications ranging up to 40–45 GHz. Return loss and radiation pattern for theThe Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculation Process. Commonly fabricated with printed circuit board (PCB) technology, a microstrip antenna calculator tool is an electrical transmission line that is able to transmit RF signals. Result: Microstrip Patch Antennas (or simply patch antenna) are increasingly useful because the antenna is printed directly onto a circuit board. λ 20 - wavelength for 20 ohm microstrip line (wavelength in wide patch seems to be similar to wide low-impedance microstrip line) Then use L for both patch width and patch height. Note that a quarter-wave length transformer was used to match the patch to a 50 Ohm feed line. THE MICROSTRIP ANTENNA 5. The coaxial probe feed used . Calculates dimensions of circular microstrip patch antenna, provided frequency, relative permittivity and height of substrate. Does anyone have an idea about the wave port or lumped port in hfss ,which should be used especially for microstrip patch antenna in uwb range i. Pasternack's Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator determines the length and width (in millimeters) of a rectangular patch antenna. The tool provides two networks that will have the desired impedence at that frequency, but their. Without truncated corners, the array has a single resonant frequency at 2. Data safety. A microstrip patch antenna can be designed, various methods are there: 1. Bessel Lowpass Filter 24 dB/octave; Butterworth Lowpass Filter 24 dB/octave;AppCAD Free Design Assistant Tool for Microsoft Windows. A-INFO's Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator determines the length and width (in millimeters) of a rectangular patch antenna. Microstrip Patch Antenna Design Amit Samanta. The antenna is designed using FEM based EM simulator software – Ansoft’s HFSS v13. Some of them include Microstrip, Stripline and Coplanar Waveguide. Feeding Methods 2. 2 (Cavity Model Analysis), pp. 2. INPUT DATA. For a good antenna performance, a thick dielectric substrate having a low dielectric constant is usually desired since it provides a larger bandwidth. The frequency of the signal through the microstrip line. 7% and 12%, respectively, with a gain of 3. For Seeed you can. Pasternack's RF Calculators and Conversions section provides engineers valuable and easy-to-use tools ranging from complex mathematical formulas to simple conversions. 1 to 10. This design helps to enhance gain and efficiency of microstrip patch antenna at resonance frequency. Radius of circular patch has an important role in the designing of circular micro strip antenna (CSMA). Reference: R. In this contribution, a 25 GHz planar antenna, designed and realized in microstrip technology, is exploited as a lightweight and compact liquid sensor. Enter the Wavelength, Number of Turns and the space between each coil to calculate the Antenna Gain, wire diameter, Half Power Beam Width, Beam Width First Nulls and Effective Apperature. The characteristic impedance (Z o) of a microstrip transmission line can be calculated using the active calculator or the equations at the bottom of the page. The microstrip antenna can also be matched to a transmission line of characteristic impedance Z0 by using a quarter-wavelength transmission line of characteristic impedance Z1 as shown in Figure 2. Step 3: Calculation of the Effective length. The microstrip antenna patch should be an extremely thin conductive region. Patch antenna with Slits and Slots With the help of slot size of microstrip patch antenna is reduced as shown in Figure 7 [17]. In [14], the bandwidth of a microstrip patch antenna is 1. An individual microstrip antenna consists of a patch of metal foil of various. Recent advancements in communication systems require a high possible data rate and high gain to overcome the path losses. Pick out a standard part number from the data. undesired reactance at the antenna input and a relatively large probe self reactance [2], [3]. 062” Duroid substrates with a circular coupling aperture, and operated at 2 GHz [1]. Microstrip Calculators. It is excited via an edge-connected SMA at the end labeledIndex Terms-Microstrip patch antenna, MATLAB calculator, CST, 2. Hits: 6396. These equations are relatively simple compared to other transmission line geometries, comprising only 2 interrelated equations for the microstrip impedance. Microwave antennas and couplers, as well as some filters, can be created using the microstrip. 5 GHz and calculate its resonant frequency. 5000e+09 Tunable. 55mm ; the Thickness once finished is 35um. In this paper, theoretical analysis of microstrip line fed rectangular patch antenna loaded with parasitic element and split-ring resonator is presented. As we are dealing with an integer number of elements, the solution presented here. So, the Microstrip line was compared to an antenna, and it wasn’t until about 15 years later, when the Microstrip Patch Antenna was proposed, which was based on precisely the same concept. 4 GHz operation on a substrate with 2. Then you need to calculate patch sizes, you can do it by hand with formulas given in references below or. 5K views•16 slides. In telecommunication, a microstrip antenna (also known as a printed antenna) usually means an antenna fabricated using photolithographic techniques on a printed circuit board (PCB). Latest News 04/20/2011: Noise Figure calculator added. 1 – 5 Decreasing σ will decrease the boom length L. This design approach helps analyzer microstrip inset-fed patch antennas and helps to locate the exact inset length for 50-? input impedance. Circuit designers classify power loss in microstrip lines into conductor loss, dielectric loss, and radiation loss. sales@minicircuits. 1 (January 1974): 74– 78. This project presents how to make a simple microstrip PCB Yagi-Uda antenna design based on the design procedures stated on the MATS-1000A Manual. Microstrip antennas are becoming very widespread within the mobile phone market. S-Parameter Analysis and Plotting; Active Circuit Bias Design; Cascade Noise and IP3 Analysis1,766. However, the conventional microstrip antennas inherently suffer as having insufficient gain (8–9 dB), narrow bandwidth (<4%),. Ae = Effective antenna aperture in m 2. In this example, you create a 2x2 patch array on FR4, analyze the antenna, and generate Gerber files of the PCB for prototyping. References [1] Meltem Yildirim, "Design of Dual Polarized Wideband Microstrip Antennas", pp. The design and analysis of the dual polarized aperture coupled antenna using Antenna Toolbox agrees well with the referred results. The patch antenna, microstrip transmission line and ground plane are made of high conductivity metal. The effective dielectric constant drives the length of the taper, this effect was not. For example, if you wish to input "25000000", just type "25M" instead. February 28, 2022 · Infinus. Matlab/Freemat file 1. 06/08/2009: EM Talk Store added - find discount microwave engineering components and devices. The patch antenna is designed for 2. Z 0 = Single Ended Impedance. This work presents the parameter design, simulation, and output testing of a microstrip patch antenna that can harvest energy from the Wi-Fi with the resonance. 1,283. The Single Microstrip Patch Antenna is well studied. This paper describes the use of a logarithmic architecture in the design of microstrip antenna arrays, creating structures with high gain and ultra-wide bandwidth. 4. 54 GHz with 2. 3 and 2. in which the radiating element is a rectangular conductor attached directly to a microstrip feed line. Going Forward with a Trace Impedance Calculator. 3K views•36 slides. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator; PCB Loop Antenna Calculator; Wokatenna Design; Yagi Uda Antenna Designer (NBS Tech. Marino. The free-space directivity of a log-periodic dipole array (LPDA) is a function of its taper τ and its chosen spacing σ. The microstrip antenna, Part 2: Implementation. The overall antenna size is 78 mm × 78 mm × 1. Use a stepped microstrip line as a matching circuit with a 90 degree bend terminating into a radial bowtie stub. 2 Overview of Microstrip Antenna A microstrip antenna consists of conducting patch on a ground plane separated by dielectric substrate. For example, if you wish to input "25000000", just type "25M" instead. In fact, striplines often make components such as band-pass filter's more accurately, with more symmetric roll-off and no lower cutoff frequency. The features, advantages, limitations and the different types of feeding techniques are also discussed. I got the equations from an article by Professor Ben Horwath at Santa Clara U (titled Microstrip Patch Antenna. 1. 3678) of its value near the surface. By understanding the microstrip transmission line, designers can. The microstrip antenna characteristics include the following. ant = patchMicrostripTriangular (Side= [8e-3, 6e-3, 5e-3]); show (ant) In the above figure, the first value. 45 GHz. d = Trace Separation. 0012 λ0). When playing, some cookies are set and your privacy is futschikato. Microstrip Antenna Circular polarization can be obtained if two orthogonal modes with equal amplitudes are excited with a 90º time-phase difference. Calculator 1: This calculates the Resonant Frequency of the LC tank circuit by entering the inductance and capacitance values. , is typically one-third to one-half wavelength long, depending on the substrate relative dielectric constant, which is commonly 2. Cite 1 Recommendationpath. A novel periodic photonic crystal structure with through-holes drilled by a 4 × 7 array based on the line source analysis method was proposed in this paper to improve the gain and radiation of the microstrip antenna. The patch cutout for the feed inset should be > 2 times the microstrip width. py Here is the simple UI of this tool. 25mm off-center. 09/08/2007: Online VSWR calculator added. Calculate patch length and width for microstrip patch antenna using microstrip dielectric, height and frequency. The rectangular patch antenna has a return loss of -40. This figure was provided as "prior art", and provides a. Coaxial Cable Impedance Calculator. This video from YouTube, USA, will track you. The paper suggests three areas for further research based on our previous works on microstrip antenna elements and arrays. a) Dielectric loss (in dB per unit length, length is in the units used for λ. is 2. The waveguide calculator makes it possible to calculate the TEmn / TMmn propagated modes for m = 0,1,2; n = 0. Antipodal_Vivaldi_Antenna_Designer. Electrical Engineering/Antennas and Propagation Microstrip Antennas The Analysis and Design of Microstrip Antennas and Arrays Microstrip Antennas contains valuable new information on antenna. Your valuable opinion : Avg. 4. Example, If Z 0 = 55 Ω, d = 6 mils and h = 4. The aperture coupled technique exhibits reduced transmission line radiation and enhanced antenna. 2 as a function of the width and height of the section of the waveguide as well as the permittivity. Schematic representation of a PCB patch antenna: The calculator is based on simplified formulas for calculating microstrip. Key-Words: - Inset-fed, microstrip antenna 1 Introduction Microstrip patch antennas have been widely used particularly since they are lightweight, compact and cost effective. MICROSTRIP ANTENNA In its most basic form, a Microstrip patch antenna consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate which has a ground plane on the other side Structure of a Microstrip Patch Antenna For good antenna performance, a thick dielectric substrate having a low dielectric constant is desirable. t is the Thickness of track (1 oz/ft2 = 0. The calculator also allows you to input the width and height of the substrate. 4 GHz operation on a substrate with 2. In this example, you create a 2x2 patch array on FR4, analyze the antenna, and generate Gerber files of the PCB for prototyping. 02. hi balanis antena theory book thay have give example problem. 1 mm. f f. It also provides examples and references for further reading. 1 GHz is selected and 401Microstrip antenna is one of the most applied antennas for various radio applications as its low profile and high performances. Microstrip antenna (MSA) is a device using to radiate or receive radiation power, consist of a dielectric substrate on one side radiating material called patch and another side perfect conductor called ground plane . 1 Microstrip Line Feed 2. This antenna wavelength calculator can be used to determine the physical length of an antenna’s electromagnetic wave in free space. Microstrip patch antenna is mostly used in modern communication devices over conventional antennas mainly because of their size. The microstrip antenna, Part 1: Basics. 45GHz. The. It is possible to match the patch antenna from below 30Ω to above 200Ω. Initially, theoretical calculation was performed,The UWB antennas are mainly divided into dielectric resonator antennas (DRA) 8,9, slot antenna 10,11, Vivaldi antenna 12,13, monopole antenna 14,15 and other microstrip patch antenna 16,17,18, etc. Hits: 6158. The size of a microstrip antenna is inversely proportional to its frequency. This is a tool I developed to assist us at the Cambridge University Spaceflight Club to design a patch antenna for telemetry. 3. smart antennas ppt santhu652. The shape of the radiating patch exerts influence greatly on the performance of the microstrip patch. My calculation gave me that you need to place your feed at about 12. com in 2 categories. While this calculator will provide a baseline, any final design considerations should be made towards loss, dispersion, copper roughness, phase shift, etc. 06/08/2009: EM Talk Store added - find discount microwave engineering components and devices. The default patch is centered at the origin. 55. Introduction In recent years, the microstrip patch antenna has widely been used for various specific applications in satellite communications, aerospace, radars, biomedical applications, mobile communication for GSM, and remote sensing applications [1] because of its special features like ease of analysis and fabrication, low cost, light. 7K views•29 slides. In , the authors proposed a U-slot microstrip antenna design on a resonant frequency of 3. In fact, striplines often make components such as band-pass filter's more accurately, with more symmetric roll-off and no lower cutoff frequency. Calculators. Introduction 2. Bessel Lowpass Filter 24 dB/octave; Butterworth Lowpass Filter 24 dB/octave;Hi, Could anyone give the formula to calculate the feed width and length of an inset fed microstrip patch antenna? The design is being done using HFSS software. They are mostly used at microwave frequencies. The first layer is about 9. 45 GHz) and 5G band (3. Feed methods (antenna-transmission line interface) are critical for optimum performance. 4 GHz. 575mm is used in the simulation process. A patch antenna is a type of radio antenna with a low profile, which can be mounted on a flat surface. The patch cutout for the feed inset should be > 2 times the microstrip width. R. 1 High Impedance; 4. 3 ( 1) eff. Step 1: Calculation of the Width (W) -. The designed antenna is realized using microstrip line feed on a 1. PDF | In this paper, a new calculator form is designed to calculate all fundamental parameters for the microstrip patch antenna with the inset feed. In this review paper a survey is conducted on commonly used techniques and design. The microstrip antennas are also exible to use in satellites and modern mobile communication systems [5]. Radiation Pattern Characteristics. This paper provides details on how to investigate a new method of teaching microstrip patch antenna design made by Metamaterials using MATLAB by designing a friendly. The reactance reaches 0 Ohms at around 2. The dipole object creates a half-wavelength dipole antenna, hence its electrical length is Lambda/2 or 2 m,. Below is the standard input impedance of an inset fed patch antenna at 2. It has low radiation power and narrow frequency bandwidth. Keywords: Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna Design. R w = Terminating resistance between two. 1 GHz and hence it can be used for advance wireless communication applications. r r d r r. Any book for microstrip antennas should have the formulas you need to find the location of the feed point, to obtain precisely 50Ohm input impedance. ice. λ = Signal wavelength in meter (m) = c/f ( where f = signal frequency, C = speed of light = 2. There should be a solid ground in the layer underneath the trace. Note that antennas are very rarely constructed according to the calculated theoretical dimensions and are always tuned. 8 GHz. Apr 16, 2021. There is also a dielectric material placed above the conductor. Sorted by: 1. In this paper one presents an analysis of the bandwidth of microstrip resonator antennas in function of the antenna parameters. It also required designing a quarterMicrostrip Width Formula or Equation. Consider the microstrip antenna shown in Figure 1, fed by a microstrip transmission line. Note that antennas are very rarely constructed according to the calculated theoretical dimensions and are always tuned. A frequency range of 1. The Transmission Line model method. 951 dB and bandwidth of 7. HFSS Waveport Size Calculator Figure out the correct waveport size to use in HFSS for a microstrip line feed. The microstrip antenna is a convenient, planar, easy-to-fabricate antenna with some attractive attributes and features, as well as some distinct limitations. Click here to go to our main page on microstrip patch antennas. 1. 123456. To maximize signal strength between the transmitter and receiver, the antenna installer needs to keep the obstruction-free direct transmission. Abstract: Microstrip antenna is gathering a lot of interest in communication systems. 5 mils (241 microns). 5. It includes a comprehensive report on the design and testing of a microstrip patch antenna and a MATLAB script demonstrating the exploration of phased array antennas. The far field results are compared for the following configurations: Pin-fed, finite ground and solved using MoM (SEP). most intuitively appealing models for a microstrip antenna. The shape of the radiating patch exerts influence greatly on the performance of the microstrip patch. Click design guide at this link. Our results are optimised for gain, but others may be optimised for bandwidth. The ideal microstrip width to depth ratio for a 50 ohms FR4 material is about 2:1. Generally, it. Microstrip patch antenna calculator; Antenna near field and far field distance calculator; Free space path loss calculator . This paper provides details on how to investigate a new method of teaching microstrip patch antenna design made by Metamaterials using MATLAB. The shape of microstrip antenna can be rectangle, square, ellipse, circle, triangle, ring, pentagon, or their variations4–6. Dipole Antenna Calculator. It supports both balanced and unbalanced lines. Three-element vector of Cartesian coordinates in meters. The radiation pattern of a microstrip or patch antenna is shown above. You can start with simpler formula: L ≈ 0. A low profile, unidirectional, dual layer, and narrow bandwidth microstrip patch antenna is designed to resonate at 2. Resources listed under Antenna Calculators category belongs to Antennas main collection, and get reviewed and rated by amateur radio operators. Consider a square patch antenna fed at the end as before in Figure 1a. VSWR Calculator Calculate voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and return loss for mismatched circuit. 3 GHz with the desired parameters return. ). The reactive near field ad the radiating near field. For more general patch antenna. The microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a given characteristic impedance (Zo) and electrical length or vice versa. Superstrate Microstrip antenna with square patch (5. rect_patch_tl. For a quarter wavelength antenna, it becomes λ /4 to be fixed. New Relic Instant Observability (I/O) is a rich, open source catalog of more than 400 quickstarts—pre-built bundles of dashboards, alert configurations, and guides—contributed by experts around the world, reviewed by New Relic, and ready for you to install in a few clicks. 1 Design of circular microstrip antenna The geometry of circular microstrip antenna is shown fig. 0×4. In summary, the design process for the coaxial probe placement is simple: Select an operating frequency and stackup. The substrate parameters. 1 Introduction. 732 dB, which is better than a single patch. Pasternack's RF Calculators and Conversions section provides engineers valuable and easy-to-use tools ranging from complex mathematical formulas to simple conversions. Antenna design calculators category is a curation of 100 web resources on , HB9CV Online Antenna Calculator, Yagi Uda Antenna Online Calculator, RF Toroid Calculator. CP operation of single-feed triangular microstrip antennas using a nearly equilateral triangular patch [3], an equilateral triangular patch with an inserted slit [4] or a tip-truncated equilateral triangular patch [5] has also been reported and, due to their physically smaller patch size as compared to the square or. Firstly you had to determine target frequency and substrate material. Posteriormente se procederá a realizar pruebas en una cámara anecoica en la cual se puede realizar mediciones. Enter the values of trace width (w), trace thickness. Bessel Lowpass Filter 24 dB/octave; Butterworth Lowpass Filter 24 dB/octave;Microstrip antennae are also used in the fields of RFID (radio frequency identification), mobile communication and healthcare. In this type of feeding techniques, three layers are used upper, ground and lower substrate as shown in Fig. In this design note we will stick to a width of. Microstrip Impedance Calculator. Use the antenna. 4GHz Substrate- FR4 Epoxy With reference to the fig, I need the value of W and the feed lengthAlthough the microstrip antenna has been extensively studied in the past few decades as one of the standard planar antennas, it still has a huge potential for further developments. Wi-Fi/3G/4G Disk-Yagi antenna, analysis and calculation. This example uses a Yagi-Uda antenna with the same dimensions as given in . When in doubt, use 1 for copper, . coupled microstrip antenna was fabricated and tested by a graduate student, Allen Buck, on August 1, 1984, in the University of Massachusetts Antenna Lab. A microstrip line is a transmission line that is a basic building block for most RF planar microwave devices. A microstrip antenna array with a resonant frequency of 28 GHz for satellite applications is built, and its radiation characteristics are investigated in this research. 42MHz and 1598-1606MHz. In this study the antenna was fed with a microstrip line. The patch antenna is designed for 2. The microstrip patch antennas haveThe simple Yagi Antenna is shown in the figure-1. This makes Wheeler’s equations discontinuous and brings their accuracy into question when the microstrip width is similar to the height of the microstrip above the conducting plane. AdvantagesRead Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook_Ramesh Garg_2001',open Chap 4, sec. A Microstrip is a type of electrical transmission line used to transmit RF signals and are commonly fabricated using printed circuit board (PCB) technology. In this case, each coordinate in the vector starts at the origin and lies along the specified points on the x-, y-, and z-axes. The IPC-2141 trace Impedance calculator will help make initial design easier by allowing the user to input basic parameters and get a calculated impedance according to the IPC-2141 standard. Patch antennas are low cost, have a low profile and are easily fabricated. 0 ()1 tan 27. Diagram of the feed structure of a microstrip antenna array. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator Calculate dimensions and edge impedance for desired resonant frequency. Microstrip patch antenna. How is monopole antenna length calculated? The length of a monopole antenna is calculated using the formula for a quarter-wavelength antenna: Antenna Length (in meters) = Speed of Light (m/s) / Frequency (Hz) / 4. The microstrip patch antenna calculator determines the length (L) and width (W) of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for a given resonant frequency or vice versa. DESIGN DATA FOR YOUR YAGI. We. The simulated and observative results through HFSS, 10 db impedance bandwidth of rectangular microstrip patch antenna is at 2. For fixed line impedance on microstrip (such as fifty ohms), dielectric loss is almost constant for any thickness substrate. PLAY ANYWAY. well there are a lot of commercially available software's for the desiging microstrip patch antennas such as CST MWS, Ansoft HFSS, FEEKO, Antenna Magus, ADS. - MicroStrip Calculator - Cascaded Noise Figure Calculator - Resonant Frequency Calculator - Skin Depth Calculator. Before, working with a trace impedance calculator, one should be aware of which equations the calculation. The calculator takes into account the wire diameter of the monopole and radials. The microstrip impedance calculator shown above uses Wadell’s equations for microstrip impedance, which can be found in the seminal textbook Transmission Line Design Handbook. The antenna is resonant at a quarter-wavelength (thus reducing the required space needed on the phone), and also typically has good SAR properties. Description of the original designs. The free-space directivity of a log-periodic dipole array (LPDA) is a function of its taper τ and its chosen spacing σ. The design process started with the conventional rectangular microstrip patch antenna as shown in Figures 1a and 1b. The microstrip patch antenna calculator determines the length (L) and width (W) of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for a given resonant frequency or vice versa. However, microstrips cannot handle power levels as high as waveguides can. It has lesser directivity. They are available in different configurations for various applications. Indeed, the frequency of 25 GHz is. A more conservative rule is to use a 2 inch (PCB track length)/nanosecond (rise/fall time) rule. Microstrip Patch Antennas (or simply. The model resonates at a dual band of frequencies of 30. 3. The substrate parameters (ε r and h) are required. It starts breaking down for low gain antennas (6-8 dBi) so use it with caution. com +1 (718) 934 4500 +1 (800) 654 7949. This example based on the work done in [1],[2], models a broadband patch antenna using a slot in.